An app is the shortened name for an application. It can also be referred to as a mobile app.
It is a computerized program or software application designed to function on mobile devices like phones, tablets, and smartwatches.
Originally, apps such as email, contact databases, and calendars were created and designed for productivity support.
However, the public’s yearning for apps triggered a quick expansion into various areas, such as mobile games, GPS, services found on location, factory automation, order tracking, and ticket purchases.
Due to this, millions of apps are now available. They can generally be installed or downloaded from platforms for application distribution.
This includes platforms created and owned by the founders of the mobile operating system.
Some of them include the Apple App Store (iOS), Microsoft Store (for Windows), and Google Play Store (Android OS).
While some apps are free to download, others are paid for before downloading.
The profit from the downloads of those paid apps is being split between the application’s creator and the platform distributing the app.
Unlike desktop apps, mobile apps are designed solely to function on desktop computers.
They are also unlike web applications designed to run on mobile web browsers but are incompatible with mobile devices.
In 2009, David Pogue, a technology columnist, said that smartphones could be named app phones to separate them from earlier and less sophisticated makes of smartphones.
Apps have become a trendy concept in the world of technology, and in 2010, the American Dialect Society listed it as Word of the Year.
Overview of Apps
An overwhelming majority of current mobile devices are sold with several pre-installed applications.
Today’s smartphones generally include apps such as web browsers, email, calendars, maps, music apps, streaming apps, and others.
Some pre-installed apps can be uninstalled through the normal process, creating more storage space.
If the software does not permit this, the unwanted apps can be removed by rooting the device.
Apps not pre-installed in your purchased phones can be accessed via app distribution platforms called applications stores.
In 2008, they began emerging, and the creator or owner of the mobile operating system runs them.
Aside from the primary app stores earlier mentioned, there are also BlackBerry World and Windows Phone Store.
Independent application stores such as GetJar, F-Droid, and Cydia are also available.
Like the platforms or stores owned by mobile operating systems, these stores offer both free and paid apps.
These apps are usually downloaded from the platform to a mobile device but sometimes can be downloaded to desktops and laptops.
For apps with price tags, 20-30% usually goes to the distribution provider; the remaining goes to the app’s developer.
Different app stores can price a single app differently. Applications can also be installed manually, such as running an Android app package on Android devices.
Mobile applications were initially intended for general productivity and retrieval of information, including the stock market, contacts, email, calendar, and weather information.
However, the supply of developer tools and public demand triggered swift expansion into other areas, such as those handled by desktop application software packages.
Like other software, the boom in the amount and assortment of applications made discovery challenging.
This resulted in the creation of a broad range of reviews, curation sources, appraisals, magazines, committed online services for app discovery, and blogs.
In 2014, the government regulatory bodies commenced attempts to curate and regulate applications, especially medical applications.
Several companies give apps as a second method to convey content with specific advantages over an official web address.
Due to the increasing number of mobile apps available and accessible via app stores and smartphones’ enhanced functionalities, the rate of downloads to mobile devices has steadily increased.
Mobile applications have become more dominant among mobile device users.
In May 2012, a ComScore study reported that more mobile subscribers used mobile apps than web applications during the previous quarter.
The ratio of mobile apps to web apps was 51.1%: 49.8%. Researchers discovered that mobile application utilization strongly corresponds to user context and is dependent on the time of day and the user’s location.
When programmed, mobile applications play an increasingly essential role within healthcare and can offer numerous benefits when integrated accurately.
Gartner, a market research company, speculated that about 102 billion apps would be downloaded in 2013.
An overwhelming 91% of these apps would be free apps; it was projected that the total downloads would rake in $26 billion in the U.S.A.
That is about 44.4% growth on last year’s $18 billion revenue from apps. In the second quarter of 2015, the Google Play Store and Apple stores made about $5 billion.
The analyst report estimates that the app-based economy generates an income of more than $10 billion annually within the European Union.
Due to the app market’s development, over 529,000 jobs have also been created in about 28 European Union states.
Categories or Types of Apps
Applications can be categorized using multiple methods. A common approach is to differentiate native, web-based, and hybrid apps:
Native Apps
Native apps can be defined as a kind of app that is intended for a specific mobile platform.
An app targeted, designed, or intended for an Apple device does not function on Android devices.
This is why multiple businesses create or produce apps that can operate on different platforms.
During the manufacturing and design of native apps, experts integrate top-class modules for the user interface.
This is responsible for enhanced performance, consistency, and a good experience for the device user.
Users tend to benefit from broader access to app programming interfaces and enjoy limitless utilization of all apps on their specific devices.
Moreover, they move from one app to another with significant ease. The primary purpose of developing or producing such an app is to ensure the best performance for a particular mobile operating system.
Web-based Apps
A web-based application is programmed and coded in HTML5, JavaScript, or CSS.
It requires an internet connection to be experienced by the user and function adequately.
This group of apps tends to take up the minimum amount of storage space in user devices.
They take up the least amount of space compared to other apps: native and hybrid apps.
Users can collect their desired data from any device via the Internet since all personal databases are stored on the Internet’s servers.
Hybrid Apps
The hybrid app, as the name denotes, combines native and web-based apps.
They are developed using Apache Cordova, React Native, Xamarin, Sencha Touch, and other related technologies.
They were designed and manufactured to aid web and native technologies across several platforms. Furthermore, these apps are developed quickly and easily.
It requires utilizing a single code base in various mobile operating systems.
However, these advantages do not prevent hybrid apps from displaying an inferior performance.
These apps often fail to have identical looks and feel in multiple mobile operating systems.
App Development
The development of mobile device applications involves considering the device constrictions and specifications.
Mobile devices are battery-based; thus, they possess less powerful processors than desktops and laptops.
They also contain a more significant number of features, such as cameras and location detectors.
Due to the heated rivalry in mobile software, app developers tend to investigate various screen sizes, hardware specs, and settings.
The development of mobile apps involves the utilization of specialized and incorporated development environments.
These apps are first experimented with within the development environment via emulator use and subsequently via field testing.
These emulators offer an affordable way to experiment with mobile device applications, which the app developers may not be physically accessible.
The mobile user interface (UI) design is also essential as it has to consider several factors. Such factors include contexts and constraints, input, screen, and mobility as design outlines.
The mobile user is often the center of interactivity with their device, and the interface consists of both software and hardware components.
The user’s input permits them to manipulate the system. In contrast, the user’s output enables the system to detect the effects of the user’s manipulation.
User interface design constraints include form factors, such as the device’s screen size proportion to the user’s palm and limited attention.
The user interface contexts indicate cues from the user’s activity, such as scheduling and location, which can be shown from the user’s interactions within the app.
At the bottom of it all, the UI design’s primary aim is a relatable, user-friendly interface.
The user interface, called front-ends, depends on mobile backends to support enterprise systems access or entry.
Mobile backends enable data routing, verification, security, authorization, service rendition, and working in real time.
This capability is supported by a combination of middleware components, including servers of the mobile app, SOA infrastructure, and mobile backend as a service (MBaaS).
The interactional interfaces exhibit the computer interface and the current interactions via textual content rather than graphic elements.
They imitate real human interactions, and the two primary interactive interfaces include voice assistants, such as Amazon Echo and chatbots.
Interactive interfaces become very practical as users begin feeling overwhelmed with mobile applications.
This is referred to as app fatigue. David Limp, Amazon’s senior vice president of devices, said in an interview with Bloomberg that the next platform is voice.
App Distribution
The three largest and major application stores are Google Play for Android, App Store for iOS, and Microsoft Store for Windows 10, Windows 10 Mobile, and Xbox One.
Other application stores are not as large or popular as those mentioned above.
These stores include Amazon App Store, Opera mobile store, Ovi Store, BlackBerry World, F Droid, Electronic app wrapper, Samsung Apps, and Windows Phone Store.
Google Play
Google Play Store, formerly known as the Android market, is an international virtual software store developed and created by Google for Android devices.
It launched in 2008 and has since witnessed an ever-increasing growth.
In 2013, the number of application downloads through the Google Play store exceeded 50 billion from an array of 1 million apps.
In 2016, Statista claimed that the number of apps available for download surpassed 2.4 million.
The overwhelming majority (over 80%) of the applications in this app store are free. In 2015, this app store earned $6 billion.
Apple Store
Although the Apple App Store wasn’t the first app distribution platform established, it triggered the mobile revolution.
It launched in 2008, and 8 years later, in 2016, it reportedly had an astonishing 140 billion downloads.
Jesse Tayler exhibited the app store to Steve Jobs at the NeXTWorld Expo in 1993.
In June 2011, available apps on the platform numbered 425,000, downloaded by iOS users, numbering up to 200 million.
2012, during Apple’s Worldwide Developers Conference, Tim Cook announced that 650,000 apps were available for download.
He also announced that the store has a record of total downloads, numbering up to 30 billion, from 2008 to 2012.
From a different angle, figures viewed in July 2013 by the BBC from tracking firm Adeven showed that most apps in the stores are zombies.
This means they are rarely downloaded or installed by consumers or users.
Microsoft Store
The Microsoft Store, formerly known as the Windows Store, was launched by Microsoft in 2012 because of its Windows 8 and RT platforms.
It can also convey listings for traditional desktop programs verified for being compatible with Windows 8.
It was mainly used to distribute Windows Store apps, which were designed and manufactured for tablets and other touchscreen devices.
These apps could also be used alongside a keyboard, mouse, and personal computers.
Amazon Appstore
This is another option for Android users seeking apps to download or install. It was launched in 2012, and in 2015, the availability of apps grew to roughly 334,000.
This store’s Android apps can also be installed and operated on Blackberry 10 devices.
Blackberry World
BlackBerry World is the mobile app platform for BlackBerry 10 and BlackBerry OS devices. It launched in April 2009 as BlackBerry App World.
Ovi (Nokia) Store
Ovi store for Nokia phones was introduced internationally in May 2009.
Two years after its launch, Nokia revealed plans to rebrand its Ovi product line under the umbrella of the Nokia brand.
In October 2011, the Ovi Store was renamed the Nokia Store. In January 2014, the Nokia Store stopped permitting developers to publish new apps or app updates for its legacy Symbian and MeeGo operating systems.
Windows Phone Store
Microsoft launched the Windows Phone Store because its Windows Phone platform was established in October 2010. Two years after its launch, over 120,000 apps were available on the store.
Samsung Apps
Samsung Apps was launched in September 2009. Over two years later, it had 10 million total downloads.
The store is pervasive as it is available in 125 countries. It also offers apps for Windows Mobile, Android, and Bada platforms.
The Electric App Wrapper
The electronic app wrapper was the first electronic distribution service to make encryption and jointly purchase electronics.
F-Droid
It is a free and open-source Android app archive.
Opera Mobile Store
Opera Mobile Store is an independent app store for multiple mobile operating systems: iOS, Java, Blackberry, Windows, Android, and Symbian. It was introduced in 2011.
